Topics For Geological Science Research Paper

Topics For Geological Science Research PaperIt is always difficult to select the right topics for your geological science research paper. Since the topic should be relevant to the subject matter, it's very important that you choose a topic that is related to the subject itself. The topic will also greatly affect the performance of your students.Different subjects in the natural sciences involve different concepts and issues. In some areas of the subject, you may even be required to complete a different study for each topic. Topics for geological science research paper are selected based on your current degree, the research you are conducting, and the areas of your field of expertise.Geology is an important subject that concerns the interpretation of rocks, minerals, and the geological history of a certain location. The topic of this particular study requires a general knowledge of the concepts and methods that are used in this field. Before choosing topics for geological science rese arch paper, you should try to understand the topic to a great extent. Topics for geological science research paper are those that are most common in the specific field that you are specializing in.The sciences of biology are well-known. As a result, this subject is commonly used in any geography or other topic that deals with the study of the living beings that you find in nature. So, topics for geological science research paper will have to be about the features of life found in the environment around you. Some topics are based on the process of creation of life; some others on the process of evolution of the living beings found in the world. These topics will certainly be different from the concepts of any of the natural sciences.Many of the sciences do not have a clear direction in which they aim to reach. That is why they are often associated with the human race. This concept applies to many other disciplines, including the others mentioned above. Therefore, if you want to selec t topics for geological science research paper, then make sure that you choose one that can help students understand better the kind of life that exists in their surroundings.Whether the topic will be useful for your students depends on whether it has a solid ground for understanding the science and culture of their own time. You can work out the topics for geological science research paper with the help of a student who has taken up the subject. You can also ask your professors and research experts for ideas on subjects for geological science research paper. So, the best idea would be to discuss the topic with your students before you pick a topic for your own. Your discussion with them will give you a fair idea of the topics for your geological science research paper.In conclusion, it is important to remember that the topics for your research paper should be related to the subject matter. And to select the right topics for your geological science research paper, you should first u nderstand the subject in the first place.

Sample Paragraph Essay For Elementary Students

Sample Paragraph Essay For Elementary StudentsSample Paragraph Essay for Elementary Students will help them understand what to write and where they should start from. They will know that they are writing a well-structured and comprehensive essay and they will start to feel more confident about writing one.It is important to remember that college admissions officers look at essays for elementary students. That means that even if you didn't get a grade of perfection, it will show the admissions officer that you have taken the time to really study your topic and that you have not just written it out in a hurry without putting any thought into it. To make it even better, this college-going experience will leave a good impression on other people who read your essay.If you are beginning writer, you will be surprised at how many articles and books have already been written on grammar and spelling errors and how much has already been taught. This is an important part of essay writing. The mo st important thing is that your grammar and spelling are correct. If you have even one problem with either, chances are your essay will not stand out as well as you would like it to do.The basic sentence structure is important. You should start each paragraph with a sentence, that you have put together in your head. This can be done by finding a suitable word or phrase that you like and then starting your paragraph with that.The introduction of your essay should be ready-made by using the basic sentence structure and not starting it off with too much information. It is important to avoid the temptation to force information onto your readers.Sample Writing for Elementary Students is helpful for writing in a very short period of time. When you are writing a one page essay, you can skip all the difficult sections. You don'thave to get bogged down with paragraphs that need several paragraphs to get through.Using this material as a guide can save you the trouble of trying to figure out a ll the rules in order to make your essay professional and persuasive. Since so many essays are written by people who haven't done college-going, they are much easier to write.

Regenerative Medicine free essay sample

Regenerative medicine is the process of creating living, functional tissues to replace or repair tissue or organs that are damaged. This is a relatively new process and can promote rejuvenation in previously irreparable organs. The process begins by taking adult stem cells from a damaged organ or tissue sample, and combining them with an organic structure so the cells may replicate the organ or tissue that they originated from. Each cell has its own chemical make-up which will predetermine its eventual fate – thus a stem cell from a liver will begin the foundations for a new liver, whilst skin stem cells will grow to produce more skin. Regenerative medicine is key to the advancement of emergency medical procedures and the eventual eradication of chronic organ diseases. Organ and tissue transplantation has come a long way since the first confirmed successful kidney transplant in 1954. Since then, doctors have been able to transplant a wide array of organs including hearts, livers, pancreases, and lungs as well as live donor lung and liver transplants. We will write a custom essay sample on Regenerative Medicine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Australia at any given time there are at least 1700 people on the Australian organ transplant waiting list, and the average wait for a transplant can be up to four years (Donation statistics, 2011). In 2009, 799 Australians received donated organs, although this seems like a high number it still leaves at least 900 people desperately waiting for organs (Organ Donor Register, 2011). Regenerative medicine has the ability to create and replace tissues in the body that have lost their ability to work proficiently due to disease, damage, or age. With correct implementation, organ donors may not be required in the future and patients will only need their own stem cells to regrow new organs and tissues. This may mean that each person has the potential to self-sufficiently replace their own organs if diseased or damaged. A benefit of being able to produce a new organ using the recipient’s cells is that there would be a much lower risk of transplant rejection. Transplant rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue is rejected by the body of the recipient as the recipient’s body identifies the organ as a foreign bject. The immune system subsequently attempts to destroy the organ, bringing about widespread inflammation and the eventual removal of the organ to ensure that the wellbeing of the patient is not compromised (Transplant Rejection, 2009). This risk would be diminished if the new organ was grown from the recipient’s own stem cells, as their body would recognise markers on the new tissue, and a ccept the organ as â€Å"non-foreign†. The principles behind regenerative medicine are relatively simple. Stem cells are extracted from the tissue of concern – these cells are then activated using growth factors and grown on an organic matrix or structure until a complete organ is developed. There have been remarkable instances of this procedure’s success – such as the American man, Lee Spievak, who lost the tip of his finger in a toy plane accident. The tissue of his fingertip was severed right down to the bone. In Mr Spievak’s case, the lining of a pig’s bladder was used to derive an extracellular matrix to form the basis of his new finger. By cleaning the lining of the pig’s bladder (using acid) and dehydrating the resultant tissue, a powder was obtained which contained the signals required for constructive remodelling, without the stimuli for scar tissue formation. This powder could then be placed on his wounded area and support the growth of new functional tissue, instead of scarring (The Man Who Grew Back His Finger Tip, 2008). This technique may be utilised slightly differently to replace a complete organ by adding the individual’s own cells to extracellular matrix obtained from pig sources. The cells react to the matrix and reproduce just like a growing embryo develops organs and tissue. Once structure growth is complete the organ can replace the patient’s damaged or diseased organ without fear of rejections (as the entire organ is made up wholly of the patient’s cells). A recent innovation of regenerative medicine is aimed at burn victims. Patients with severe burn scars are more susceptible to disease and infection; therefore all scars should be covered as quickly as possible. If left untreated the resultant scarring can be horrific and painful and current treatment can consist of skin grafts that can take months to heal. â€Å"Spray-on skin† is an innovation which applies skin cells to the wound to promote healing of the injured area. This is made possible through the collection of a patient’s healthy skin stem cells and the addition of them to a water based solution. This solution is then placed in a spray gun applicator – â€Å"skin-cell gun† – and the solution is sprayed over the patients wound. The wound is then covered with a dressing which promotes growth until fully healed. This technology has been successfully implemented in a number of patients, including one who had extensive second-degree burns to his arm, shoulder, neck and the side of his face. Following the application of this technology, his wounds closed over within four days (Regenerative Medicine, 2011). Regenerative medicine promises enormous potential for further development. Despite being a relatively new method of treatment, regenerative medicine trials have already began in many new fields of medicine. In Korea a patient who had suffered a spinal cord injury and hadn’t walked in 19 years was able to walk on her own, without difficulty after a suspension of her own stem cells was injected into the damaged part of her spinal cord. Other potential treatments in development include those for brain damage, cancer, heart damage, baldness, blindness, diabetes, and infertility, as well as countless others being trialled around the world. However, there are aspects of regenerative medicine that critics suggest are not yet thoroughly trialled. As induced regeneration happens faster than normal growth, there is speculation that it may quicken the development of cancer or a induce a cellular chain reaction. These fears sprout from suggestions that there is not enough in-depth understanding of this new technology, and that it is developing quicker than scientific knowledge can keep up (Regenerative Medicines Second Wave, 2010). There is no doubt that the health system currently calls for a better solution for tissue regeneration, and a more reliable alternative to human organ donation. The field of regenerative medicine provides just this. Not only have the merits of regenerative medicine been shown – in repairing damaged tissues, rebuilding entire organs and providing emergency tissue growth when the patency of the body’s barrier is lost – its potentials are limitless. Further development of this field will be essential to the cure of currently permanent disease states, not limited to: paralysis from spinal cord damage, kidney failure, chronic lung disease and liver failure. Regenerative medicine free essay sample Regenerative medicine Is the process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function. It can be used for many things by many different techniques. It can benefit many different people in many different ways. Regenerative medicine replaces/repairs tissues that the body cannot repair on its own. This includes things such as organs like kidneys; if one needs to be removed we may be able to replace/repair It. Regenerative medicine can save lives and be a lot more useful than average people may think it Is. Using state of the arc technology we may be able to prevent organ transplant rejection due to the fact that we can grow the organ from the patients owns cells/tissue. Current estimates say that approximately one in three Americans can benefit from regenerative medicine. Stem cells are used a lot in regenerative medicine. The stem cells are what are used to create the organ in the lab. We will write a custom essay sample on Regenerative medicine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The scientists first take the stem cells and place them and a model for them to grow on. Once the stem cells have grown and formed tissues around the mold they add what the organ needs to do its function. They then end electrical signals to bring the organ to life, like a heartbeat, almost as if they are reviving it. This has the potential of saving millions of lives in the long run, maybe even billions, or eventually trillions if mankind last that long. Of course technology will advance and there will be dfferent techniques and approaches for regenerative medlclne, but technology Is developing faster than ever in the past 100 years, so we may not be as far away from achieving great things as you might think. Say someone needs a new bladder, but no bladders that match them are currently available. Well with regenerative medicine we can create a new bladder in a hopefully short period of time with the tissues and cells of the person who needs the bladder. Therefor there will be no shortage of organs and no problems regarding the body rejecting the organ anyways. The only downside of this Is that growing tissues and cells takes time. So, If the patient needs a new bladder Immediately, growing one will not be an opuon because It will not grow fast enough In time for the person to live. But I see that there are three solutions. Solution one is that people could regularly visit their octor to be sure nothing is wrong, so if something is wrong we may be able to notice it before Its too late. Solution two is that in the future we can only hope that technology will be advanced enough for us to speed up the growth of these tissues, this will help In situations where the patients does not have a lot of time. The third solution Is that If we have the materials needed, we could eventually create enough organs with enough different tissues that nine times out of ten, one of the organs will match. I believe that any of these three solutions could work, but they ingredient to chieving this is time and effort. This is why I feel like more people should be choosing careers in science. It is very interesting and can help benefit all humans on the plant in the long run. So If more people worked with regenerative medicine who knows what the limits could be. Fasclnatlon wltn ty to regenerate tlssues ana organs nas exlstea slnce mankind first realized that it is possible (This was thousands of years ago, even though they couldnt really do anything and the term regenerative medicine was not used). Long before the term Regenerative Medicine was came up with, humans were ealizing the effects and capabilities of medicinal intervention. The Ancient Civilizations of Sameria, Egypt, China, India, and South America all pioneered medical discoveries and techniques that still impact the field today. Practices that we take for granted, such as cleansing and debridement of wounds using vegetable and mineral concoctions were common. Hundreds of scientists and philosophers over thousands of years have worked to establish our current technologies. The early 1800s saw a huge expansion in the fields of biology and medicine when scientists revealed that all ife depends on chemical reactions that occur within cells, which could, in fact, be reproduced in the laboratory. The discovery and official introduction of antibiotics by Alexander Flemming in 1928 changed the field of health-care forever. Followed shortly after by the discovery of cell division and heritability in the form of a helical, ladder-like structure, called DNA, science was geared to bring a whole other ball game. These discoveries meant that human biology and the systems contained within could now be brought into and manipulated in the laboratory. As the turn of he 20th century hit, previously mystical processes of life science finally become tangible. Regenerative medicine has grown from prior activities including surgery, surgical implants (artificial hips), and increasingly sophisticated bio-material scaffolds (skin grafts). The work that truly launched regenerative medicine into a tangible area of science began as cell therapy. Work in the field of transplantation in the mid-1950s gave rise to some of the first therapeutic surgeries in medicine. Performed on identical twins, the first kidney transplant occurred in 1954 followed by he first liver and lung transplants in 1963, pancreas transplant in 1966, and the first heart transplant in 1967. Bone marrow transplants for treatment of leukemia patients had the public and scientific communities in an uproar of excitement. Following this wave of enthusiasm, cell biologists began to question the capabilities of the integrity of the tissues being transplanted and wondered whether it was possible to create, grow, and harvest these tissues in the laboratory. Thus began the era of Tissue Engineering which has lead us into the field of Regenerative Medicine. Cell therapy is a therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient. Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century showed that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successful bone marrow transplantation. Today two distinct categories of cell therapy are recognized. The first ategory is cell therapy in mainstream medicine. This is the subject of intense research and the basis of potential therapeutic benefit. Such research, especially when it involves human embryonic material, is controversial. The second category is in alternative medicine, and perpetuates the practice of injecting animal materials in an attempt to cure disease. This practice, according to the American Cancer Society, Is not DacKea Dy any mealcal evidence 0T erectlveness, ana can nave aea01y consequences.

Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022

Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 Introduction Scope or work. The present project is aimed at analysing and evaluating the resources and opportunities of the country Qatar with regard to the expected world cup that is sure to be held there in 2022 in accordance with the bid won by Qatar to host the world cup on its territory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, it is necessary to evaluate whether the conditions in this country are appropriate to hold a green world cup there in terms of environmental issues and climate components. Rationale for research. The investigation should be performed to assess the readiness of Qatar to host the world cup on its territory with regard to international rules and conventions. As representatives of different nations would take part in the world cup, extraneous stressors should not be imposed on them. Objectives Problem statement. The problem for Qatar with regard to construction and design of buildings and facilities for the world cup 2022 is the environment, climate issues, and investment. So, Qatar is a country with emerging economy but everything can happen in more than ten years. Besides, the climate of Qatar is hot and humidity is high contrasted to other countries that could have won the bid for the 2022 world cup. Finally, the environment should be green; so, it is important to reduce the pollution of waters and air and reduce the gas emission. Justification of the problem. The problem of investments and environment is great because the country eligible to host some international events should provide its participants with adequate conditions similar to the ones provided in other countries for events of the same level as the world cup. Methodology Review of projects. The projects designed for the Qatar 2022 world cup are magnificent with wide variety of modern materials and constructions techniques. So, the stadiums and buildings can be constructed in order to provide the participants and audience with the maximum of comfort.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, air conditioning applied to stadiums would reduce the temperature typical for climate in Qatar and make the conditions appropriate for the game. Planning for world cup facilities. The facilities should be designed in accordance with the international norms of security measures for such type of events. Besides, it is important to investigate whether the country and organizations that contribute to the construction of buildings and facilities in Qatar are certified to perform such activities. However, the projects of stadiums and facilities are aimed at bringing the world cup on the brand-new level of design and construction in term so architecture and tourism. Critical issues. Environmental factors for Qatar include a great variety of factors such as hot temperature and high level of humidity. As such, the air conditioning would be an integral part of the construction of buildings and facilitites for the world cup in Qatar 2022. The infrastructure in this country should be developed as well as the stadiums. Roads, airports, and other means of transportation and communication should be developed to ensure that all guests of the world cup would be satisfied. â€Å"some emerging market host countries (such as China, India and Qatar) are ramping up aggressively as project sponsors† (Orr and Kennedy 96). The airways of Qatar are reported to be sufficient for the world cup, â€Å"Qatar Airways created strong competition for well-established carriers† (Surovitskikha and Lubbeb 2). The study by Al-Madfa, Abdel-Moati, and Al-Gimaly is aimed at researching the water pollution in Qatar of oysters. However, if water pollution influences water organisms, it would inevitably i nfluence people that would bathe in the sea when they come to Qatar for the world cup 2022.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar World Cup Buildings and Facilities in 2022 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study by Abu-Madi et al. Focuses on parasites and other infections that are typical for Qatar and can develop in the human organism in such a hot climate as in Qatar. So, infections prevention measures should be taken in advance to ensure that no fans that would come to the world cup can be infected with parasites and other typical diseases. The problem of health care was also investigated by Chouchane et al. who analysed the medical environment in Qatar. This means that health care should be developed as an integral part of the country’s infrastructure.. Climate change and emission control (green world cup). Piebalgs analysed the relationship between energy and air pollution and possibilities for reduc ing gas emission in Qatar with regard to their natural resources and possible use of alternative sources of energy that would be more environmentally safe and sufficient. Expected Outcomes Summary of discussion. The emerging economy of Qatar is a good sign of developing opportunities to realize the projects for the world cup 2022. However, there are some obstacles that can interfere with the plans of the management of this project. As such, analysis of infrastructure should include health care issues and security measures while planning the budgeting for the project. Besides, relationship between the gas emission and green world cup concepts should be drawn. Possible limitations. The limitations of the project include investments and the increased level of infections typical for this type of climate. Abu-Madi, Marawan A., Behnke, Jerzy M., and Doiphode, Sanjay H. â€Å"Changing Trends in Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Long-Term-Residents and Settled Immigrants in Qatar.â₠¬  Parasites Vectors 3. 98 (2010). Web.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Al-Madfa, H., Abdel-Moati, M. A. R., and Al-Gimaly, F. H. â€Å"Pinctada radiata (Pearl Oyster): A Bioindicator for Metal Pollution Monitoring in the Qatari Waters (Arabian Gulf).† Bulletin of Environment and Contamination Toxicology 60 (1998): 245-251. Chouchane, Lotfi. Et al. â€Å"Medical Education and Research Environment in Qatar: A New Epoch for Translational Research in the Middle East.† Journal of Translational Medicine 9.16 (2011). Web. Orr, Ryan J., and Kennedy, Jeremy R. â€Å"Highlights of Recent Trends in Global Infrastructure: New Players and Revised Game Rules.† Transnational Corporations 17.1 (April 2008): 95-130. Piebalgs, Andris. â€Å"EU Energy and Climate Policy.† Speech at the 7th Doha Natural Gas Conference (2009). Surovitskikha, Svetlana, and Lubbeb, Berendien. â€Å"Positioning of Selected Middle Eastern Airlines in the South African Business and Leisure Travel Environment.† n. d. Web.

A study and importance of extra curricular activity

A study and importance of extra curricular activity Extra-curricular activity is a non-academic activity. It is as part of developmental modules which can make the students think from a rather plain point of view of themselves and the world around them. This can be obtained by their learning process and experiences from the activities that they had joined. Nesan D., as been mentioned in the article of Co-curricular activities in school (2009) stated that, more specifically, from joining these extra-curricular activities, students can perform better in the internal and external skills such are self acceptance, self esteem, sexual orientation, career goals and others. A.Rahman Z. Ahmaed M. (n.d) in the article of Curriculum planning, development and reform by the country’s educational goals are manifested in the Malaysian National Education Philosophy (NEP),said that, â€Å"Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to produce ind ividuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of personal well-being, as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large†. Mostly when talk about extra-curricular, what came out from our minds are activities that related to the extra-curricular that we had been forced to join during our primary, secondary school such as Cadet Police, Puteri Islam and others. Unforgettable during our university life, we have been provided with one day which was named as extra-curricular day. At that day, all activities such as hockey club, swimming club, equestrian club and many more are been carried out. But, we have to realize, because extra-curricular is not limited to the activities that are only related only to clubs and uniformed bodies. Societies such Students Representative Council, Committee of College Students and so on are also categorized as extra-curricular. Even when you are active in certain particular clubs under college you are involve in extra-curricular. Actually there are three main types of co curriculum, first is society. Society can be classified as an organization or club for students who have specifically interest in specific activity. Second is uniform bodies, as I have mentioned above, is an organization that involved same uniform that they wear as their identity. Last is sport and games, this is the most popular one which involved students to spend time for fun as can maintain a good health. Some students like to join many extra-curricular activities, but other students do not. Therefore, their level of involvement in the extra-curricular activities limited to the desired and willingness of themselves. Then, from here, we have to remember, there are also pro’s and con’s when you are being active in extra-curricular. Benefits when you are joining this extra-curricular activities such are you get a chance being a leader, you can test how far your management skills, other than that, you can know how smooth you manage your time, the ability to handle stress, task delegation, decision making , carrying out meetings and many more. A part from that, bear in mind that, in any advantages, there are always disadvantages, there for, problem such as failure in managed time will lead to imbalance on academic. Through this research, we can know how far being active students can affect your academic performance. Whether it give negative or positive impact towards your studies performance. Because, different students give different academic performance.

Marketing Communication High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Communication High School - Essay Example - whatever communication marketing plans are made to direct and control the marketing operation, they must be flexible, as there are many outside factors which can easily affect the plans, e.g. government legislation; The forth stage is implementation and control of the campaign. Research has shown that over 95 percent of people forget the exact message within six weeks of seeing it. That is why repetition in promotion campaign is so important as the promotion itself (Stone Jacobs 2001). The main activities for advertising agencies have some peculiarities in contrast to traditional marketing communication. But, still, marketing communication mix is the most powerful tool to reach the wide audience in a short period of time. It will include: Incentive schemes. These should be tailored to the needs of a retailer's sales staff and may also include competitions, particularly for sales staff. Competitions linked to generating window displays make a good example of use here, with prizes such as holidays being regularly used. On-line type of promotion. It is featured at the location where many of the final decisions and actual purchases are made. Techniques used here include: temporary price reductions; extra value offers, including offers relating to future purchase; premium offers (incentives), including free mail-in premiums, self-liquidating premiums and banded free gifts (relevant for electronic services). Immediate benefit promotions. A consumer is rewarded for purchasing is immediate, and, as with most incentives, the sooner the reward can be expected and received after the qualifying action, the greater will be the positive effects of that incentive in stimulating purchase action. Included in this promotion category are: price reductions; free gifts (which can be additional service - such as two for the price of one) banded pack offers(service plus discount); economy (special proposition) (McDonald, Christopher 2003). The choice of medium is clearly closely intertwined with the distribution strategy. Today, in rapidly changing environment these communication methods become more varied and sophisticated because of technological innovations borrowed by marketers and the level of competition which forces companies within advertising industry to look for new effective ways to attract customers (Rich 2000).

Terminal Cancer - Palliative Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terminal Cancer - Palliative Care - Essay Example The current symptoms of the patient vary from day-to-day. The metastasis to the bone means that the client has progressive pain which is generally worsening. The liver metastasis has caused a loss of appetite, nausea and occasional bouts of very severe abdominal pain. The patient also has a chronic cough which is thought to originate from lung metastases, and will occasionally complain of chest pain. This has been confirmed by an abnormal chest X-ray. Overall, the patient has expressed dissatisfaction and at times feels unable to enjoy life, with an overall feeling of ‘sadness’. The patient also claims to have difficulty remembering some things, which is a common symptom of terminal cancers in general (Karabulu et al, 2010). Pain as a Symptom One of the most distressing symptoms for the patient, as with many terminal cancer clients, is the pain and the anxiety which comes from fear of increasing amounts of pain. Pain management is important in terminal cancer, but is not always effective. Hemming & Maher (2005) examined the management of pain and the difficulties which arise. The article highlights the fact that terminal cancer patients often have pain coming from many areas of the body, as seen in our case study above. Bone and nerve pain arising from metastases may be causing extreme pain, which is more difficult to treat. Hemming & Maher (2005) also highlight the fact that pain may be holistic, whereas treatments tend to focus purely on treating physiological pain with analgesics and other pharmaceuticals. The article also notes that pain is an extremely complex system and the mechanisms of this are not completely understood, again making pain management an extremely difficult process. Hemming & Maher (2005) examine the multiple ways in which pain should be approached. Firstly, they highlight the understanding of different types of pain; somatic, visceral, neuropathic and bone. Knowledge of this can help appropriate pain management systems to be correctly found. There is also an importance placed on the spiritual elements of the pain, which Hemming & Maher (2005) suggest need to be approached simultaneously with the more traditional physical approach. From here, the attending clinician could use an ABCDE of assessment of the pain to help them understand the location and type of pain, again helping to highlight what type of pain management may be necessary. Pharmaceutical interventions can then be considered. This should be approached in three ways. Firstly, ‘by the ladder’, which means that treatment should start from the non-opiod option and become progressively stronger by need. The article also highlights the importance of giving pain medications ‘by the clock’, or regularly, to maintain relief. Finally, Hemming & Maher (2005) advocate that pain relief be given ‘by the mouth’ through oral administration. Lynch & Abrahm (2002) focused on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and their ap proach to pain management in terminal patients. The approach here was done in a number of steps. The first of these involved assessment, with the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute advocating using numeric, verbal and a Wong-Baker-like FACES scale to judge the standard of pain of the individual. After this, patient education is conducted. The patient should be knowledgeable about the medication and approaches to pain that they are taking, particularly as a fear of addiction and the problems with